2017 Yes https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013-9351(17)30505-4 Forns, Joan Europe Experimental Students Elementary (K-5) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Test Performance We found detrimental associations between all TRAPs and annual change in 3-back d' (working memory) (Ie.g., slower development of working member n children attending schools with higher levels of air pollution). The associations (per one interquartile range increase in exposure were strongest for outdoor NO2 (Coef=-4.22, 95% CI: -6.22, -2.22) and indoor UFP (coef=-4.12, 95% CI: -5.68, -1.83). These reductions were equivalent to -20% (95% CI: -30.1, -10.7) and -19.9 (95% CI: -31.5, -8.4) change in annual working memory development associated with one interquartile range increase in outdoor NO2 and indoor UFP, respectively.