2022 Yes https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/2/749 Gartland, Nicole North America Europe South America Review Students Elementary (K-5) Particulate Matter (PM) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Test Performance Cognative function Traffic-related air pollution Cognitive function Working memory School Children Academic achievement Review . Findings suggest that indoor and outdoor particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) negatively influences executive function and academic achievement and that indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) adversely affects working memory. Evidence for the effects of particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10) is limited but suggests potential wide-ranging negative effects on attention, reasoning, and academic test scores. Air pollution in and around schools influences executive function and appears
to impede the developmental trajectory of working memory. Further research is required to establish the extent of these effects, reproducibility, consequences for future attainment, and place within the wider context of cognitive development.