2022 Yes https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722053268?via%3Dihub Zheng, Keyang Asia Epidemiology Study Students Elementary (K-5) Dust Other Metals Indoor dust Child Kindergarten Anemia Hemoglobin The results showed that of the 2165 children with available data, 351 (16.2 %) met the WHO definition of anemia. In multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses, we found that for each quartile of DED increase in Cd inhalation, child Hb levels decreased by 2.703 g/L (95 % CI: -4.055, -1.351), and the risk of anemia increased 1.602-fold (95 % CI: 1.087, 2.360). Mn ingestion was associated with increased odds of anemia [odds ratio (OR) = 1.760 (95 % CI: 1.217, 2.544)]. Interaction analysis indicated that metal(loid)s exposure effects were modified by child sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Cluster analysis found that children at high risk of metal(loid) exposure in the school environment tended to have lower Hb levels and higher prevalence of anemia compared with those at low risk, although this was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that child school exposure to metal(loid)s in indoor dust is associated with an increased risk of developing anemia in children, modified by child sex, age, and BMI.