2023 Yes https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/7/5308 Chakraborty, Jayajit North America Exposure Study Students Elementary (K-5) Middle/Jr High (6-8) High School (9-12) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Noise Other children Environmental justice Air pollution road noise Public schools Results from multivariable generalized estimating equations that control for spatial clustering and other relevant factors revealed that schools with greater NO2 exposure were significantly more likely to serve racial/ethnic minority and younger students, while schools with greater exposure to road noise were significantly more likely to serve socioeconomically deprived and older students. These findings underscore the urgent need to reduce both air pollution and noise exposure at school locations, especially in schools attended by higher proportions of socially disadvantaged children that are often additionally burdened with other challenges.