2022 Yes https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935122008003?via%3Dihub Wu, Yangyang Asia Epidemiology Study Students Elementary (K-5) Particulate Matter (PM) Absenteeism particulate matter Spatial difference Illness-related absenteeism Elementary students With an interquartile range (IQR, 32 ?g/m3) increase in PM2.5 concentration, the relative risk of absence rate for a given school ranged between 1.00 and 2.81. Factors including high economic development level, low health expenditure, dense road network, dense population and low vegetation coverage drove strong effects for schools/counties. For the implementation of efficient clean air policies and public health interventions, we should concern about not only high-polluted areas but also areas under specific socio-economic and environmental conditions.