2025 No https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137757 Wang, Peng Asia Exposure Study Modeling Students Elementary (K-5) Dust Heavy metals Cancer Heavy metals Bio-accessibility Health risks Driving factors Dust This study uses bio-accessibility tests, Monte Carlo simulations, and spatial modeling to assess heavy metal risks in kindergarten dust. Cr, Ni, Cd dominate contamination; industrial sources drive cancer risk even after bio-accessibility adjustment.