2025 Yes https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107845 Zhang, Yazhen Asia Epidemiology Study Modeling Students Humidity Viruses Other Urbanization School closures Hand, foot, and mouth disease Transmission potential Human mobility Using 2010–2019 surveillance and weather data, this study modeled HFMD transmission across China. School closures curbed spread but less effectively in urban areas; transmission rose with humidity, population, and mobility, confirmed by SEIRS and GLM models.