2024 Yes https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82646-7 Garcia-Bernardo, Javier Europe Epidemiology Study Modeling Students Other Elementary (K-5) Middle/Jr High (6-8) High School (9-12) Viruses COVID rates COVID-19 transmission School networks Family networks Registry data This study used PCR results and network data from Dutch students to model COVID-19 transmission. Multilevel regression showed most variation stemmed from individual and school-level factors, not geography or socioeconomic status.