2024 Yes https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.106 Roy, Siddhartha North America Observational Students Teachers Elementary (K-5) Middle/Jr High (6-8) High School (9-12) Heavy metals Cognitive function Stress/Anxiety Flint water crisis Lead poisoning Negative labeling Nocebo effect Teacher perceptions Researchers surveyed Flint and Detroit teachers and reviewed neuropsychological evaluations post–Flint Water Crisis. Flint teachers reported more student harm concerns despite lower lead levels, suggesting a nocebo effect may influence educational outcomes.