2024 Yes https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00669-8 Matthaios, Vasilios N. North America Observational Modeling Students Elementary (K-5) Middle/Jr High (6-8) Particulate Matter (PM) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Black carbon Other Air pollution Child exposure Particulate matter (PM) Environmental monitoring Researchers studied 74 U.S. inner-city schools over 10 years, measuring indoor PM2.5, NO2, and black carbon. Schools farther from major roads and with more green space had lower pollutant levels, highlighting design’s role in reducing student exposure.