2024 No https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-13417-0 Amare, Abebech Nuguse Africa Observational Exposure Study Students Elementary (K-5) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Particulate Matter (PM) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Other Air quality Ethiopia Inorganic gaseous pollutants Particulate matter (PM) Primary schools Using portable monitors, this study measured PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, CO, and SO₂ levels in Hawassa, Ethiopia primary schools. Results showed exceedances of WHO limits, poor AQI ratings, and elevated hazard quotients, particularly near busy roads, underscoring widespread air pollution risks.