2019 No https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108925 Grineski, Sara E. North America Observational Epidemiology Study Students Elementary (K-5) Particulate Matter (PM) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Test Performance Primary schools Academic achievement Air pollution Math Science Reading Early childhood longitudinal study Kindergarten cohort Used longitudinal data from 16,000 US children to link kindergarten HAP exposure to reduced reading, math, and science scores through grade 3. Adds evidence that air pollution impairs academic development.