2018 No https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29619859/ Nirme, J Europe Experimental Epidemiology Study Students Elementary (K-5) Noise Test Performance Listening Comprehension Noise Education Multimodality Virtual humans Education Classrooms We found significantly fewer correct answers to explicit content questions after listening in
noise. This negative effect was only mitigated to a marginally significant degree by audio-visual presentation. Strong executive function only predicted more correct answers in quiet settings.
: Altogether, our results are inconclusive regarding how seeing a virtual speaker affects listening comprehension. We discuss how methodological adjustments, including modifications to our virtual speaker, can be used to discriminate between possible explanations to our results and contribute to understanding the listening conditions children face in a typical classroom.