2024 No Indoor air quality in Portuguese schools: levels and sources of pollutants https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12237 Madureira, J. Europe Exposure Students Elementary (K-5) Particulate Matter (PM) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Bacteria Fungi Other Indoor air quality Schools Bioaerosol Ventilation particulate matter Indoor sources Measured PM, CO₂, VOCs, fungi, and bacteria in 73 classrooms from 20 Portuguese public primary schools. CO₂ and PM often exceeded limits. Fungal and bacterial levels were high even in ventilated rooms. Findings call for improved IAQ controls in early education settings. 2016