2024 Yes Effects of PM2.5 on Third Grade Students’ Proficiency in Math and English Language Arts https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186931 Mullen, Casey North America Observational Epidemiological Exposure Students Elementary (K-5) Particulate Matter (PM) Test performance Air pollution PM2.5 Environmental justice Primary schools Academic proficiency Salt Lake County Utah Study of 156 Utah schools examined third-grade test scores relative to chronic and peak PM2.5 exposure. Higher pollution linked to reduced math and ELA proficiency, with stronger effects in advantaged schools. 2020